About the California Institute for Rural Studies: The California Institute for Rural Studies (CIRS) has been working for forty years to increase social justice in rural California for all residents. Their belief? That it is essential to build sustainable rural communities based on a healthy agriculture. A primary focus of the organization’s work is marginalized populations. The goals of their public interest research are to strengthen social justice and increase the sustainability of California’s rural communities.
CIRS participates in, and initiates research projects that focus on amplifying the voices of rural residents. The organization also works in communities to bring people together in collaboration to address pressing challenges. The heat illness study discussed in this blog post does exactly this.
The Study
Despite California having the strictest regulations nationally for mitigating illness and death from heat, California farmworkers are still getting sick and dying from working in hot fields.
For the past five years I have worked with the Western Center for Agricultural Health and Safety on the California Heat Illness Prevention Study (CHIPS). The role of CIRS in this project was to gather and analyze qualitative data on socio-cultural perspectives of heat-related illness from farmworkers, farmers, farm labor contractors and rural advocates. The goal was to be able to understand the knowledge, behavior, experiences and perceptions that drive worker behavior both at work and at home.
Over the course of the study we spoke with 166 farmworkers. Our data sets are rich and we are just beginning to draw some conclusions from them. The overall message is clear, though. Farm laborers have very little power to change their behaviors despite knowledge of risks and rights.
Fortitude
The pay structure (piece or hourly), the organization of the field, the range of control, and a personal sense of fortitude, are all factors that shape worker decisions in the field. This is well documented in our first paper and helps to explain why workers are reluctant to exercise their rights to stop work to drink and rest in the shade.
The desire to be seen as a “good worker” by both one’s boss and crew-mates interacts with productivity pressures to undermine the willingness of a worker to either exercise rights or acknowledge early symptoms of heat illness. There is clear incentive to demonstrate fortitude in the workplace even when suffering from early symptoms of heat illness. The risk for a worker who chooses to keep working despite suffering is the possibility of completely losing earning capacity by long-term damage to health. And this is not uncommon.
Workers want to be seen as strong, good providers and reliable partners at work and in their families. But the fact that they are put into a position where they are forced to decide between this perception and their own health highlights a serious problem in our farm fields: a lack of worker control or power. Over and over, we heard workers specifically referring to piece rate pay as an incentive, not only to make more money but to push themselves beyond the breaking point.
Giving Power vs Accepting Power
Power and control shape the choices workers make in the field. For example, a large number of workers bring their own water to work and carry it with them. This reduces the time they take out of work to go and get water provided by their employer. It also provides them with a sense of individual control over time spent working. The perception of being in control at work can reduce the chance that workers will take breaks and/or respond to symptoms of heat illness.
Farmworkers have the right to act together to improve working conditions. This actually increases their control over working conditions. However, the dynamics of workplace power and control present formidable obstacles to any form of organizing for change. In fact, working together in concerted action was not an option any workers mentioned when they spoke about poor field conditions.
We decided to push workers in our focus groups to think abstractly about how they would treat their crew if they were supervisors. Research shows that thinking abstractly about power can actually imbue power to the powerless. Envisioning reversals of power was a challenge for many participants. Some even emphasized that they have no control at work and to speculate about this is too crazy to even think about. One group of responses was clustered around notions of limited control: that workers simply could not make demands or ever expect things to change.
Clearly, within the larger structural relationships between farmworkers and their employers power is vested in the employer.
Interestingly, most farmers we spoke to believe that by telling workers they can take breaks and drink water when they need to, they are giving them control over their decision making. By giving workers the choice to work overtime, farmers are granting workers the ability to make this decision for themselves. However, employers also know that workers will decide to work overtime and will work hard and fast.
Employers believe that workers are reluctant to take breaks and use cool off because of their “essential nature.” We heard from farmers that workers prefer heat and working in hot weather, workers know when to take breaks, workers know best how to take care of themselves.
By handing over the decision-making to workers, farmers believe they are shunning paternalism and handing power and control over to the workers. In essence, they are absolving themselves of blame by handing over personal responsibility for illness to workers. Farmer perspectives don’t take into account the complexity of worker decision making. There is an assumption that workers can just “take” control. Assigning agency to workers may seem like a positive step but it actually reinforces the existing power structure.
A deep sense of fortitude on the part of farmworkers and farmer beliefs about worker essentialism, reinforce each other. This creates a tendency for workers to avoid cool down periods, stopping work to drink, and reinforces a racialized view of worker behavior among some farmers.
Transformation
From our work, we have devised an initial set of recommendations.
- Reinforce the direct responsibility of farmers, even if they use contractors
- Reinforce the roles of enforcers to both employers and workers – workers are their clients
- Educate employers about joint responsibility
- Give employers the tools they need to be effective trainers
- Build mutual respect
- Relationships matter
- Workers who know their employer cares about them are not afraid to take care of themselves
- Employers who care about their workers are more likely to train workers well, pay by the hour, know each worker and check up on them
- Workers who care about each other are more likely to help each other
- Develop training that includes abstract thinking
- Give workers the chance to envision ideal working conditions
- Role play in training – role reversal is a good way for workers to internalize power, allows supervisors to learn empathy
- Focus on larger concepts like power, justice and rights
- Involve workers, not just supervisors, in training each other but in a formal way
- Shift power in the fields
- Give workers a way to report abuses anonymously and directly to enforcers
- Let workers know they have the right to concerted action for change
- Reduce or illegalize piece rate pay
- Require employers to agree to employment terms in advance
Rural Justice Forum: Building Power
We are hosting our second Rural Justice Forum with UC Merced professor Mario Sifuentz, focused on discussions among rural residents, advocates, activists and researchers. Our partners include the Community Alliance for Agroecology and the Center for Regional Change.
Our theme this year is “Building Power.” This is a complex challenge. We expect the discussions to be rich and revealing. The dialogue will focus on historic and current struggles and access to resources in rural California. Bridging theory and action, we’ll discuss the tools needed for conducting community-based research and navigating the politics of social change.
We are honored to have CIRS founder and independent researcher Dr. Don Villarejo open the day, offering his deeply experienced insight on the importance of researcher and advocate partnerships. The day will include two panel discussions featuring researchers and community organizers discussing the democratization of knowledge and shifting power in the fields as well as break-out sessions on policy, media, research methods and data tools. We’ll then end the day with Dr. Mario Sifuentez sharing his thoughts around, “Building on History to Power San Joaquin Valley Movements.”
Editor’s Note: The event is sold out, but it is anticipated some seats may become available. Email Sarah at scain@cirsinc.org to be put on the WAIT LIST. The event will be livestreamed, so be sure to check the website for details.
Related Reading: To learn more about Dr. Sifuentez’ work, read this piece about his work documenting Mexican labor in the Pacific Northwest. You may also be interested in this thought piece, penned by Dr. Sifuentez, that focuses on how he teaches his students at UC Merced about the food system. This guest piece by UC ANR advisor Rachel Surls analyzes historic photos…and shows that the rural-urban divide in California is not new.